APUSH PERIOD FOUR (1800-1848) KEY CONCEPTS REVIEW Essays

APUSH PERIOD FOUR (1800-1848) KEY CONCEPTS REVIEW Use the space provided to write down specific details that could be used to discuss the key concepts. Key Concept 4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. I. The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. A) cont. * Jeffersonians dedicated to reducing the powers of the federal government (allowed Alien and Sedition Acts, Bank of the United States to lapse; removed forty of Federalist "midnight appointments"; abolished all internal taxes, including the dreaded Whiskey Rebellion tax; reduced size of army; Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin lowered national debt in half, cut ties with Hamiltonian elites) * Jeffersonians, somewhat hypocritically, expanded the power of the federal government through the disaster of the Embargo Act of 1807, and the smashing success of the Louisiana Purchase (which then drove the Federalists in New England and New York to ponder secession in the Essex Junto of 1804, which led to Aaron Burr joining them, and then dueling with Alexander Hamilton - got milk? - Federalists saw their power seriously threatened by new states in West and South that would almost certainly be Jeffersonian) * Jefferson was pro-French, until issue of New Orleans being blocked arose (Louisiana Purchase resolved this problem) * Embargo Act, then Non-Intercourse Act, tried to ban and/or limit trade with Britain and France to try and stop them from interfering with American trade, as well as British impressment * War of 1812 deeply opposed by Federalists, who wanted to keep trading with Britain, and definitely did NOT want war, despite interference with trade and impressment; Jeffersonian War Hawks were westerners who wanted the war to go grab Canada, kill western Indians (Tecumseh and his brother Temskwatawa), and grab Florida (voting records show it was a "western war with eastern labels") * Federalists blocked the War of 1812 in any way possible - refused to make loans to the government, refused to commit militias, refused to support tariffs to finance war, even celebrated British victories at times * Hartford Convention of 1814 toyed with secession, but instead proposed limiting the powers of the federal government (one term presidency, 60-day limit to trade embargoes, 2/3 vote to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit new states); Jackson's victory in New Orleans, and end of war, made them seem traitors * Hamiltonian idea of protective tariff resurrected by Henry Clay in the aftermath of War of 1812; Tariff of 1816 (textiles) * Second Bank of the United States created in 1816 by Henry Clay and James Madison because they'd realized without a national bank, federal government couldn't run a war or economy effectively (Federalists ran the biggest state banks) * Clay proposed internal improvements to expand infrastructure, but Madison vetoed on a strict interpretation, and suggested a constitutional amendment to allow them Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. * Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review over presidential or congressional actions (judicial review over states already established, but Marbury firmed up the right) (next use on a federal level: 54 years later in the Dred Scott decision) * Fletcher v. Peck (1810) ruled that states could not overturn contracts previously agreed to (limits state power, protects investors from other states , encouraged investment from one state to another in a national economy) * Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) refused to allow New Hampshire to overturn charter for Dartmouth, to turn it into public university (a contract is a contract) * McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) denied the state of Maryland the right to tax a national institution (affirmed supremacy of national government; affirmed loose construction of the Constitution as the correct one, not strict interpretation Maryland wanted) By the 1820s and 1830s,