APUSH PERIOD FOUR (1800-1848) KEY CONCEPTS REVIEW Essays

APUSH PERIOD FOUR (1800-1848) KEY CONCEPTS REVIEW Use the space provided to write down specific details that could be used to discuss the key concepts. Key Concept 4.1 The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. I. The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. A) cont. * Jeffersonians dedicated to reducing the powers of the federal government (allowed Alien and Sedition Acts, Bank of the United States to lapse; removed forty of Federalist "midnight appointments"; abolished all internal taxes, including the dreaded Whiskey Rebellion tax; reduced size of army; Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin lowered national debt in half, cut ties with Hamiltonian elites) * Jeffersonians, somewhat hypocritically, expanded the power of the federal government through the disaster of the Embargo Act of 1807, and the smashing success of the Louisiana Purchase (which then drove the Federalists in New England and New York to ponder secession in the Essex Junto of 1804, which led to Aaron Burr joining them, and then dueling with Alexander Hamilton - got milk? - Federalists saw their power seriously threatened by new states in West and South that would almost certainly be Jeffersonian) * Jefferson was pro-French, until issue of New Orleans being blocked arose (Louisiana Purchase resolved this problem) * Embargo Act, then Non-Intercourse Act, tried to ban and/or limit trade with Britain and France to try and stop them from interfering with American trade, as well as British impressment * War of 1812 deeply opposed by Federalists, who wanted to keep trading with Britain, and definitely did NOT want war, despite interference with trade and impressment; Jeffersonian War Hawks were westerners who wanted the war to go grab Canada, kill western Indians (Tecumseh and his brother Temskwatawa), and grab Florida (voting records show it was a "western war with eastern labels") * Federalists blocked the War of 1812 in any way possible - refused to make loans to the government, refused to commit militias, refused to support tariffs to finance war, even celebrated British victories at times * Hartford Convention of 1814 toyed with secession, but instead proposed limiting the powers of the federal government (one term presidency, 60-day limit to trade embargoes, 2/3 vote to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit new states); Jackson's victory in New Orleans, and end of war, made them seem traitors * Hamiltonian idea of protective tariff resurrected by Henry Clay in the aftermath of War of 1812; Tariff of 1816 (textiles) * Second Bank of the United States created in 1816 by Henry Clay and James Madison because they'd realized without a national bank, federal government couldn't run a war or economy effectively (Federalists ran the biggest state banks) * Clay proposed internal improvements to expand infrastructure, but Madison vetoed on a strict interpretation, and suggested a constitutional amendment to allow them Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. * Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review over presidential or congressional actions (judicial review over states already established, but Marbury firmed up the right) (next use on a federal level: 54 years later in the Dred Scott decision) * Fletcher v. Peck (1810) ruled that states could not overturn contracts previously agreed to (limits state power, protects investors from other states , encouraged investment from one state to another in a national economy) * Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) refused to allow New Hampshire to overturn charter for Dartmouth, to turn it into public university (a contract is a contract) * McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) denied the state of Maryland the right to tax a national institution (affirmed supremacy of national government; affirmed loose construction of the Constitution as the correct one, not strict interpretation Maryland wanted) By the 1820s and 1830s,

The 5 Biggest Mistakes Online MBA Students Make

The 5 Biggest Mistakes Online MBA Students Make An online MBA degree can help you get a better job, a higher position, and a pay raise. However, a simple mistake such as choosing the wrong school or failing to network with your peers could harm your chances of finding success.If you want to do well in your online MBA program, avoid these common mistakes: Enrolling in a Non-accredited Online MBA Program Avoid it: A degree from an unaccredited school may not be accepted by other universities and future employers. Before enrolling in any online MBA program, check to see if the school is accredited by the proper regional association.Fix it: If youre already attending a school that isnt properly accredited, try to transfer to a school that is. Before applying to a new school, ask them to explain their transfer policy. With any luck, you may still be able to salvage some of your work. Not Taking Online MBA Work Seriously Avoid it: Its easy to do less than your best when an instructor isnt standing over your shoulder. But dont dig yourself into a hole by neglecting your assignments. Good grades can mean a better chance at scholarships and a better chance at nailing your first post business school job. Make a schedule that allows time for school as well as family, career, and anything else that is important to you. Set aside time each day to complete your work without distraction. If youre still having trouble getting your work done, consider taking a lighter load. Remember that balance is key.Fix it: If youre already behind on work, arrange a phone meeting to talk to each of your professors. Explain your situation and your renewed commitment to complete your assignments. You may offer to do extra credit or participate in special projects to get your grades back up. If you find yourself slipping again, recruit family members and friends to help keep you on track. Ignoring MBA Program Peers Avoid it: Networking is one of the biggest perks of business school. Most traditional students leave their MBA program with a Rolodex full of contacts that can help them in their new profession. It can be hard to meet people through a virtual classroom; but, its not impossible. Start off your program right by introducing yourself to your peers and professors. Always participate in class chat sessions and message boards. When you complete a course, send a message to your peers letting them know that youve enjoyed meeting them and giving them a way to contact you in the future. Ask them to respond likewise.Fix it: If youve let networking fall to the wayside, its not too late. Start introducing yourself now. Before you graduate, send out a note or an email to students you may be able to work with in the future. Paying for an Online MBA Degree Out of Your Own Pocket Avoid it: There are tons of financial resources for online MBA students. Scholarships, grants, and special programs can help ease the cost of tuition. Before starting your first semester, get as much financial help as possible. Also, be sure to set up a meeting with your boss. Some employers will help pay an employees tuition if they think the degree will benefit the company.Fix it: If youre already paying for everything out-of-pocket, check to see what opportunities are still available. If your school offers access to a financial counselor, call her up and ask for advice. Many scholarships allow students to re-apply each year, giving you multiple chances to be granted cash. Missing Out on Work Experience Avoid it: Internships and work-study programs provide students with real-life business knowledge, valuable contacts, and, often, a new job. Since many online MBA programs dont require that students spend their summers interning for major corporations, some students simply forgo this opportunity. But, dont let this chance get away! Call up your school and ask them what work experience programs are available or contact a company to ask for internship details.​Fix it: Most internships are only available to students, so be sure to arrange something before you graduate. Even if you already have a job you may still be able to get an internship for a brief period of time or during irregular hours.

Music Exorcism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Exorcism - Essay Example Musical exoticism is not included in some specific devices. In its entire works, it arises through the interaction or association between the listener and the work. Let’s reinforce the distinctions reminding of individual characters and exotic environment, often portrayed in opera, rendered by non-exotic musical means. This tendency’s example includes Giuseppe Verdi, Il trovatore and Habanera &Don Joses "Flower Song" both illustrating and showing Milieu or culture in some foreign way to potential audience (Locke, 2012). Work is neither entirely composed nor consistently composed, of the elements to be identified as part of an exotic medium, distinctly. The listeners expectations and the composers’ intentions and means synchronization, will then produce an exoticism that’s a type of reception ultimately (Locke, 2012). Musical exorcism recent writings reflect the assumptions that are unspoken that a listener perceives a work as exotic only if it distinctivel y incorporates unusual or foreign musical style elements. In musico-dramatic works such as opera, set in exotic locales, music is often heard, by contrast, within a frame of narrative that shapes the response of the listener. Yet in the existing writings, music exorcism restricts its attention to the passages and few scenes that tend to sound non-western (Locke, 2012). It also leaves unmentioned the dramatic oratorios and Baroque-era operas that tend to focus on eastern tyrants that are despicable.

Research Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Questions - Assignment Example Almost all areas of study are enhanced by field research, but in particular those that deal with humans as they relate to their environment are most assisted. Ethnography, Sociology, cultural anthropology, environmental and industrial psychology and of course forensic criminology as it relates to causation by environment and culture are all areas of study that must have a field work component to assure validity. Criminological theories such as Strain, Labeling, and the like have an environmental component that can best be assed via the field researcher’s involvement. 2: Certainly different research can require differing roles for the field researcher. The complete participant approach, the spy whose identity as observer is completely obscured to the participant, may at first seem the ideal approach. Like a double agent the complete participant is undercover and supposedly not affecting the participants. However, the fact that this role is assuming a part in the process must at last affect the results in some fashion. The participant as observer is similar to the above in that the researcher is identified as such but ensconced in the environment as well. This method adds some separation as this reveals the truth of the researcher’s intentions, however, the researchers can gain the trust of the participants in perhaps a more effective way. The next method, observer as participant, is again similar to the previous but there is more of a distinct separation between the researcher and the participant. There is very little trust gained and no i nformal associations created, it is almost the role of a survey taker who has extremely minimal interactions with the participant and creates a professional and formal setting, which may work for simple studies, but not more complex cultural analysis. Finally there is the role of complete observer, the voyeur, the eavesdropper who is

Synthesis Sport and Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synthesis Sport and Ethnography - Essay Example Nancy Nerenberg uses her article â€Å"next game† to convince the society that women participation in sport is rewarding although the sports had been a culture of men. Women involved in various sports attract media coverage. This is because for a long time, few women have risen above tradition cocoon to take part in sports. Sporting makes women gain a sense of community in public places and in the entire society. This paper argues that exemplary performance of women in sports is a clear indication of women potentiality in sports. Natalie argues that penetration of women into games such as skateboarding draws attention of very many people in the society. This occurs because skateboarding has been a preserve of men. Natalie observes that when a woman makes the decision of taking part in skateboarding it goes against the common grain of a male dominated game. Women who take part and perform exemplary in skateboarding often feel confident of the identity in the society. Women pene tration into skateboarding is still low. Skateboarders argue that women culture is a factor that has contributed to this low numbers. According to Natalie, girls fear to register bruises or scars on their bodies. On the contrary, women participants in skateboarding have shown exemplary performance and won public support. Feminine passivity in sports is a factor that influences individual performance of women skateboarding. ... This was contrary to the views of her father who viewed skating as a game of men. It is evident the exemplary women performers have struggled in their communities to rise to those heights. Facing the cultural odds in the society requires motivation. Convincing the society to accept uncommon culture is another uphill task or challenge that women have to face. The skateboarding has recognized the significance performance of women. Women skaters have to endure what would rather look like intimidating experience when performing amid men. This occurs because a woman skater may fail to get women peers to take part in skate game. Largely, women skaters confess to have taken some time practicing alone because of the cultural constraints that they face in the game. Nerenberg argues that basketball game is a sport that is a preserve for men for a very long time. The number of women participants in the game is low because of the cultural practices in the game. The game is roughly played, thus a ttracting the interest of a few women. Further, feminine passivity in the society influence the choice of sport that women would play. Nerenberg illustrates in her article that notions that attribute a particular game to a particular sex complicate the role of women in the game. The norms of the game and the nature of play is another factor that deprived women from taking active role. However, Nerenberg argues that male dominance in the game illustrates the perception that women have towards the game. Other than this, it also illustrates the societal inclinations or societal perception towards women. Largely, the society viewed women as weak for the game. Courage and strength are some of the things that influence participation of women. Another reason why a few women went for the

Economic Growth Models and Standards of Living

Economic Growth Models and Standards of Living Essay which examines: 1) Whether economic growth models can explain (and if so to what extent) international variation in the standard of living, and; 2) Whether there is economic convergence, that is, whether poor countries tend to grow faster than rich countries. Introduction Economic is an important factor in the development of every country. For countries, economics symbolize national power. Economic growth brings high income, consumptions and investment and reduces the poverty. Many countries which were poor are becoming rich and powerful because of economic growth. Thats why people devote themselves to study economic growth. In Macro-economics, there are some economic growth theories, such as, classical growth theory, neo-classical growth theory and endogenous growth theory. Classical growth theory emphasizes the free market, which called invisible hand. An increase in GDP will increase the population. In long run, due to the limits of resource GDP and population will decrease. This theory consists of the views of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx. Neo-classical theory mostly relies on Solow model which states labour, capital and technology affect economic growth. Endogenous growth theory which primarily developed by Paul Romer and Robert Lucas expresses technology is exogenous factor and policies and institutions can influence growth. Different countries have different standard of living. This difference makes people in rich countries have better welfare, public institutions, goods and service. Nevertheless, nowadays, many poor countries also focus on economic growth. This essay will analyse different poor and rich countries GDP, real GDP and other data which explains the relationship between economic growth model and international variation in the standard of living and economic convergence. Theoretical Framework Robert M. Solow, an American economist, who was also a recipient of the John Bates Clark Medal in 1961 and the Nobel Memorial Prize Laureate in Economic Sciences in 1987, is best known for his endeavours on the hypothesis of economic growth. The Solow-Swan Neo-Classical Growth Model is an exogenous growth model where Solow isolated figures in economic growth into boosts in inputs, such as labour and capital, and technical progress and prompts to the steady state equilibrium of the economy. Solow model is an exogenous growth model of long-run economic growth. Three factors: technology, capital accumulation and labour force that drive economic growth. The model attempts to explain long-run economic growth by looking at the rate of saving [s], population growth [n] and technological progress = steady state. It assumes a standard neoclassical production function with decreasing returns to capital (and labour). Given these assumptions, Solow demonstrates that with variable specialised coefficient there would be a propensity for the capital-labour ratio to change itself through time towards balance proportion in his model. (Solow, 1970) Figure 1: Solow growth model diagram (Commons.wikimedia.org, 2017) Whether the initial ratio of labour to capital is more, then labour and output would grow slowly than capital and vice versa. This growth analysis is convergent to equilibrium path the steady state to begin with any capital-labour ratio. Given exogenous s, n and g (rate of tech progress) and a Cobb-Douglas production function: Figure 2: Solow model derivation (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) According to Mankiw, Romer and Weil, s (savings) and n (population growth) determine steady-state level of income per capita [(f(k*)] ={(n+ÃŽÂ ´)/s} k*). Steady state capital-labour ratio related positively to rate of saving and negatively to rate of population growth. (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) MRW paper (1992) analyses that an Augmented Solow Model which includes accumulation of human and physical capital provides an excellent definition of the cross-country data. As long as any given rate of human capital accumulation, higher s or lower n leads to higher f(k*) and thus a higher level of H*. Human capital accumulation may be correlated with s and n, leading to omitted variable bias. Figure 3: Production Function (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) Using cross-country data, study finds s and n affect income in directions predicted by Solow, however; it does not correctly predict magnitude, effect on saving and income growth is large, the Solow model cannot account for international differences in income. Moreover, assumes omitted variables exist (human capital accumulation physical capital), estimated impacts of saving and labour force growth much larger than model predicted. Equation for income as a function of the rate of investment in physical capital, the rate of population growth and the level of human capital: Figure 4: Equation for income (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) The major part of the cross-country development literature that alludes to the Solow model has utilised a determination where international differences in the capital-output ratio are due to steady-state differences in output per person for a constant level of technology. The MRW paper shows that Solow model does not predict convergence and does not explain long run differences in growth rates, it predicts that income per capita in a given country converges to steady-state value of the country. (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) The Solow growth model correctly predicts the directions of S and N, but it does not correctly predicts the magnitudes. Convergence is slower in the augmented Solow model than in the textbook Solow model. Differences in saving, education, and population growth should explain cross country variation, but it can also explain most of the international variation. Over time there will be further inclusion of other variables as well as population growth, saving and human capital which will explain the cross-country differences, for example: tax policies, education policies, tastes for children and political stability. ANALYSIS Empirical Analysis Mankiw, Romer and Weils study explored determinants of standard of living in relation to the Solow growth model by investigating the following dimensions (Mankiw, Romer and Weil, 1992): Higher saving rate countries results in higher real income. Highly populated countries result in lower real income. (Assuming g and ÃŽÂ ´ are constant across countries). The effect of savings and population growth on real income forms the basis of the principle speculation of the Solow growth model. Recall, the computed steady state income per capita is: where ÃŽÂ ± is the capital share in income and indicates an income per capita elasticity in terms of the savings rate of approximately 0.5, and an elasticity in terms of population growth or (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) of approximately -0.5. One of the main assumptions here is that g improvement with respect to technological progress, is constant across countries. As this improvement is not country accurate it is assumed that g is constant. Another assumption is the rate of depreciation ÃŽÂ ´ to be constant across countries as well mainly due to the lack of data in relation to variation of depreciation rates across countries. We will assume as value of g + n equal to 0.05, which is same assumption made by Mankiw, Romer and Weil in their paper (1992).ÂÂ   In the computed steady state of income per capita equation, the term A (0) illustrates various factors such as institution, technology, resources, climate and since these factors varies across countries, we must equate it: , where corresponds to country-specific shocks and is a constant. (Mankiw, Romer and Weil, 1992) Thus, by taking the log of the computed steady state income per capita equation at a given time- t, becomes the following: Like Mankiw, Romer and Weil, we need to assume that s and n are independent of the term . In other words, the average share of real investment in real GDP and the average population growth rate of a given country is independent to country-specific shocks. Based on this assumption, by accounting for the Ordinary Least Squares method, the values of coefficients of the fundamental equation can be estimated. Mankiw, Romer and Weil illustrated three reasoning for the independence assumption, that is, where s and n are independent of the term . (1992) First, savings and population growth rate are considered endogenous variables in any economic growth model. Second, according to Mankiw, Romer and Weil, many economists have presented casual verdicts regarding the association between savings, income and population growth. Third, as the model speculated the value as well as the signs of the coefficients of savings and population growth, the OLS method will allow testing for salient biases. Recall, in the right model the coefficients or elasticities of Y/L are approximately 0.5 with respect to s and approximately -0.5 with respect to (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´). Now, the joint null hypothesis for testing the model is- the Solow growth model and identifying assumptions are accurate. And the alternate joint hypothesis is- the Solow growth model and the identifying assumptions are inaccurate. If, the magnitudes of the elasticities are dissimilar to approximate values of the identifying assumption then we reject the null hypothesis. This would also mean that the Solow growth model is inaccurate and cannot account for variation in income across countries with respect to savings and population growth. H0 = The Solow growth model and the identifying assumptions are accurate. Ha = The Solow growth model and the identifying assumptions are in accurate. By running the Ordinary Least Squares method on the fundamental equation stated above, we fit a regression line that will estimate the coefficients of s and (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´). Reporting from Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992), conditional convergence is an occurrence that the Solow growth model can speculate by limiting or controlling the factors of the steady state. Recall, the following equation will be used to run regression in order to determine for conditional convergence without human capital: Data, Empirical Methodology and Definition of Variables The data collected from the World Bank Organisation, Penn World Tables and the U.K. Data Service comprises of one dependent variable and two independent variables. The dependent variable is the log of GDP per capita and the independent variables are- log of average share of real investment in real GDP and log of average rate of growth of the working age population (15 years 64 years). The sample size is; n = 162 and the data is a cross-sectional data for the year 2007 and 1970 separately. A subsample of the data is also tested this subsample refers to the countries which form a part of the Sub-Sahara Africa region. The sample size of the subsample data is 30. (Refer to Appendix A) The following variables of the whole sample data are the following: Real GDP per capita for 1970 and 2007 respectively (Y/L: real GDP divided by the population in 1970 and 2007 respectively) Average growth rate of GDP per worker for the period 1970-2007 (Growth GDP/Worker: computed as ((GDP/Worker07)/(GDP/Worker70))(1/37) 1 ) Growth rate of population during the period from 1970 to 2007 (n: computed as ((population07/population70))(1/37) 1 ) Average investment share of real GDP per capita during the periods 1970 and 2007. (Sk: percentage share of real GDP per capita) A multivariable regression examination will be carried out on the fundamental equation stated above and a restricted regression will be carried on the same equation in order to estimate the magnitudes and signs of the coefficients of s and (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) using Ordinary Least Squares. The OLS method does this by minimizing the difference between the observed values and the speculated values which are forecasted by the linear approximation of the data. This method is used by economists and analysts to test economic models, econometric models, and hypothesis testing using real world data. (Koutun and Karabona, 2013) The software Microsoft Excel is used to run regression analysis on the data. The Excel output will comprise of a 95% lower and upper bound confidence, in addition to the standard errors (s.e.e.), adjusted R2 and p-values which are of importance to us. A restricted regression analysis will be performed on the fundamental equation. The restricted equations without human capital is the following: ÂÂ   (without human capital) In the restricted regression analysis, the mean of the F-statistics will be accounted for as this will help us gauge whether the fit of the restricted equation is notably or not notably dissimilar from the not restricted equation. We anticipate values of both the equation to be similar, thereby the equations should also be similar, and then we can conclude by not rejecting the null hypothesis. The R2 is also known as the Coefficient of Determination which is a measure of the Goodness of Fit which describes how efficiently a model fits all the observation in a sample and can be used to predict values based on the model. The adjusted R2 is useful to check whether the addition of a variable in a model is enhancing or disrupting the model. The fit ranges from 0 to 1, and the value approaching 1 indicates a good fit. (Koutun and Karabona, 2013) The variables that are defined in Table 1 will be used in the regression analysis. Variable Definition Natural log of real GDP per capital in 2007. Natural log of average investment share of real GDP per capita during the periods 1970 and 2007. Natural log of average growth rate of GDP per worker for the period 1970-2007. The sum of technological growth and depreciation equal to 0.05. Population growth rate. Technological growth (exogenous) Capital depreciation rate. Empirical Results One of the main principles of the neoclassical Solow growth model is that a certain country attains its steady-state level of income per capita at a point where the savings rate is higher while the population growth rates, technological growth rates and depreciation of capital rates are lower. Hence, based on this principle, from the regression estimation, the following is anticipated regarding the coefficients: Positive Savings Rate coefficient. Negative (n + g + ) coefficient. Values of the coefficient ln(s) and ln(n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) should be equal in magnitude and opposite in signs. Recall, that both, the basic Solow Growth Model as well as the extended Solow Growth model are estimated by regressing the natural logarithm of real GDP per capital in 2007 to the natural logarithm of average investment share of real GDP, which is also the considered the savings rate, and the population growth rate. The estimation outcomes of the basic Solow growth model are documented in Table 2.ÂÂ   Refer to Appendix B, C, D and E. In both the samples, the coefficient of savings rate and the coefficient of the sum of population growth rates, technological advancement rates and depreciation rate have signs as anticipated. Accounting for the t-test, we also find that, in the Sub-Sahara Africa countries sample, at 5% level of significance, the savings rate that is the coefficient of ln is highly statistically significant. However, for the sample the coefficient of ln(n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) is not statistically significant. For the whole sample, both the coefficients of the estimates are not statistically significant at 5% level of significance. In addition, as per Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992), the coefficient of the restricted regression estimate should be equal to the coefficient of ln(s) in the unrestricted estimation, holds true for both the samples in our estimation. An assertion made by the Solow growth model, which is that differences in technology accounts for the cross-country differences in labor productivity or income per capita is refuted by the regression estimated for both the samples. Notice that the Adjusted R2is approximately equal to 0.303 and 0.272 for the whole sample of countries and the Sub-Sahara Africa countries respectively. The small value of the Adjusted R2 suggests that the assertion made by the Solow model is contradicted, as most of differences in income per capita is explained by both the variables in this case. This small value of the coefficient of determination could also be due to the exclusion of some important variables in the sample data. In the steady state of income per capita, implied ÃŽÂ ± which refers to the capital share in income has a value of 0.489 and 0.488 for the whole sample and the Sub-Sahara African countries sample respectively. These values are appreciably close to the predicted values of incom e per capita elasticities which is equally to 0.5 and -0.5. Hence, the model does not significantly refute the speculation that capital share in income should be approximately one third. The regression of real GDP per capital for 2007 on average share of real investment in real GDP and population growth rate can, to a great extent, rationalize the variation in real GDP per capital i.e. income. However, as the implied ÃŽÂ ± values are not significantly high as well as not equal to predicted value of being equal to one third i.e. 0.33, one cannot conclusively conclude that the basic Solow growth model is highly successful. Absolute Convergence Model: According to the convergence theory the per capita income of richer economies is likely to grow at a slower rate in comparison poorer countries. This phenomenon can be attributed to the strength of the capital diminishing returns which is stronger in developing countries, like Brazil, India, Senegal and Mexico, in comparison to developed countries like Canada, Denmark, France, New Zealand and Australia. Based on this model, income is most likely to be negatively related with growth in income at time zero during the period of the sample, 1970-2007. We anticipate the sign of the logarithm of real GDP per worker to be negative and a high regression coefficient. Table 3: Test for Absolute Convergence. Refer to Appendix F and G The coefficient of the natural logarithm of income per worker for the whole sample has a negative sign as predicted, which is support of the convergence theory, however, in the Sub-Sahara countries sample, is does not have negative sign, in contradiction to the convergence theory. The positive coefficient of the income per worker variable for Sub-Sahara countries could also indicate while doing the test of the convergence theory, the sample needs to include some developed countries, unlike the sample of Sub-Sahara countries, in which most of the countries are either developing or underdeveloped, the support for the convergence theory cannot be tested entirely using this sample of countries. In addition, the low coefficient value of the whole sample, that is, -0.0607 also suggests that this value is not entirely statistically significant. The coefficient of determination is low in both the sample, which also indicates a weak goodness of fit for this estimation. Graph 1: Unconditional Convergence, the Whole Sample. Graph 2: Unconditional Convergence, Sub-Sahara Africa In Graph 1 and Graph 2, the x-axis represents the logarithm of real GDP per worker in 1970 while the y-axis represents the growth in income per worker during the period 1970-2007. The graphs are plotted to indicate the existence or non-existence of unconditional convergence in the whole sample of countries and the countries in the Sub-Sahara Africa sample countries. To conclude the presence of unconditional convergence we anticipate a downward-slopping trend line from left to right. Graph 1 exhibits a downward slopping trend line indicated by the black solid-dotted line which is support of the presence of convergence in the sample of countries. However, Graph 2, exhibited an upward slopping line, which is against the convergence theory. Conditional Convergence: Without Human Capital The regression coefficients are estimated by reviewing the equation (1.2); we regress the difference in the logarithm of real GDP per capita during the period 1970 to 2007 on the logarithm of real GDP per capita in 1970, also considering the savings rate and the population growth rate in the equation.ÂÂ   The sign of the coefficients is as anticipated- the savings coefficient is positive while the population growth coefficient is negative. The coefficients of the income level in 1970, the savings rate and the population growth rate are significant for both the samples. Table 4: Test for Conditional Convergence without human capital. Refer to Appendix H and I. In absolute values, the coefficient on population growth rate is greater than the coefficient on savings rate, indicating that the lower income per capita needs to spread over a larger population thereby reducing income per capita itself. Conclusion Under the principle of neoclassical Solow growth model, the regression estimation of the whole sample and Sub-Sahara we found that at 5% level of significance, the coefficient of ln(s) is highly significant while ln(n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) is not significant in Sub-Sahara and in whole sample, coefficients are both not significant. The small value of Adjusted R2 states the assertion of Solow model is contradicted. Additionally, in the steady state of income per capita, implied ÃŽÂ ± which is closed to the predicted value indicate the model does not strongly contradict the speculation that capital share in income is approximately equal to 1/3. Although the regression of real GDP in 2007 rationalizes the variance, the hypothesis, the basic Solow model which is significant successful cannot be verified because of implied ÃŽÂ ±. With regard to convergence, based on convergence theory, we calculate the logarithm of real GDP per worker. The whole sample supports the convergence while Sub-Sa hara rejects the convergence. However, the coefficient of the whole sample which is low indicates the value of coefficient is not significant. Under unconditional convergence graph, the coefficient prove the weak goodness of fit for estimation. Setting a condition of convergence, which is without human capital, the coefficients of the income level in 1970, the savings rate and the population growth rate are significant. Word Number: 3281 Bibliography Commons.wikimedia.org. (2017). File:Solow growth model1.png Wikimedia Commons. [online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solow_growth_model1.png [Last Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Koutun, Alina and Patrick Karabona. An Empirical Study Of The Solow Growth Model. MALARDALENS HOGSKOLA ESKILSTUNA VASTERAS. N.p., 2013. Web. [Last Accessed 9 Mar. 2017]. Mankiw, G. N., Romer, D., Weil, D. N. (1992, May). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437 Solow, R. (1970). Growth theory: an exposition. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, pp. Appendix A: Appendix B: Regression, the Whole Sample Appendix C: Restricted Regression, the Whole Sample Appendix D: Regression, Sub-Sahara Africa Appendix E: Restricted Regression, Sub-Sahara Africa Appendix F: Unconditional Convergence Test, the Whole Sample Appendix G: Unconditional Convergence Test, Sub-Sahara Africa Appendix H: Conditional Convergence Test, the Whole Sample Appendix I: Conditional Convergence Test, Sub-Sahara Africa

Primitivism - A Tribal Religion :: Religion

Primitivism - A Tribal Religion "We regard them as the sons and daughters of the earth and sky, brothers and sisters of animals and plants, who live by nature’s ways and do not upset the delicate balances of their ecological zones; gentle hunting folk who are still in touch with the magic and myth that we ourselves so badly need" (Smith, 381). This quote from Huston Smith summarizes the Primitivism essence of its nature. Primitivism is an ancient religion, sometimes referred to as a tribal religion because groupings of its people were small in numbers. This religion continues today in parts of Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Siberia, and Indians of North and South America. Primitivism is an oral religion, very few things were written down. Most of the writing was in the form of drawings and art. Being an exclusively oral society, the orality protected the memory of its practitioners making it possible to remember countless tales and stories to pass on to the next generation. The orality also enabled the capacity to sense the sacred through nonverbal channels. Tribal religions are deep-rooted in place as opposed to space. Space is abstract, but place is concrete. For example, a square foot in Florida is the same as a square foot in China; however Florida and China are two very different places. The idea being: you are the rock, you are the tree, you are the river, you are the grass, etc†¦ The analogy in â€Å"The World’s Religions† of the first Onondagan to enter college is a wonderful example. Oren Lyons returned to his reservation on his first break from college and went fishing with his uncle. His uncle started to question him, â€Å"Who are you?† Oren answered in many ways, â€Å"I am your nephew†, â€Å"I am an Onondagen†, â€Å"I am a human† and no answer satisfied his uncle. His uncle replied to him, â€Å"Do you see that bluff over there? Oren you are that bluff. And that giant pine on the other shore? Oren, you are that pine. And this water that supports our boat? You are this water. † (Smith, 371). Another essential part of Primitivism is the presence of eternal time. Tribal people look toward the future as opposed to the past. Primal time is one that is hard for most people to comprehend, because it is not linear, but is temporal, an eternal now. Its focus is more of a casual sequence rather than a chronological one.

Influential Materialism on Cambodian Society Essay

One of the remarkable transitions in Cambodia began in 1993. It was the economic reform switching from planned-economic to open-free economic market. Since ever, Cambodia gradually boosts the national economy by allowing private possessions and foreign investment. This is a signal of democracy in the nation. To be a democratic country, such rights and freedom must be given to the masses. It is well-known that people want to be equal before the laws and live in a happy life. However, one barrier to newly democratic country—Cambodia—is the citizens. More than half of the Cambodian population is under a poverty line, meaning they are insufficient not only in property but also in education. This situation is not good enough for Cambodians to get influence from the world. Being connected with globalization, Cambodia demands a higher standard and a good quality of production. Among those marketing competition, the most attractive and popular product is high-tech materials. Again, the other half of population might be able to afford such materials in order to live in the society. The society is affected by materialism, which considers possessions more important than values, and its effects range from psychological to economic. Materialism is sometimes used as a status symbol, causing people to purchase items they cannot afford, simply to fit in with an affluent crowd, or to keep up with the people around them. Materialism, although a motivating force in today’s world economy, can erode value systems and affect a person’s overall happiness. Perhaps nobody knows exactly when materialism persists in Cambodian society. And not many Cambodians switch their attention on it. Materialism which is the new tendency can lead the society to face many possible negative consequences. That is, youths must understand what they are doing and decide whether or not stick with it. In today society, we have no doubt an emerging demographic of eager young adults flocking towards new motorbikes, mobile phones, and the newest in tech trends. But is there a lurking danger tacked on to this eagerness? This paper will take a closer look at the Cambodian youth’s tendency toward the new and modern materials, the reasons why youths want to possess the materials, the impact of the material challenges, and some solutions to modify the tendency. Definition Before going further, one key word in the paper will be illustrated. Materialism comes from the word material, so the first word to be explained is: According to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, there are four main meaning of material. First, material means a physical substance which things can be made from. Second, it means information used when writing something such as a book, or information produced in various forms to help people or to advertise products. Third, material means cloth which can be used to make things such as clothes. Finally, material means equipment that you need for a particular activity. The last definition seems the most appropriate meaning for the scope of the paper. In addition, materialism is defined as the belief that having money and possessions is the most important thing in life. Plus, materialism is a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values. These are the definitions of the word â€Å"materialism† on which the paper will focus. Objective Writing is a fun thing but without any specific purpose, the writing seems nothing. Meanwhile, the paper has a few important objectives that might be helpful for other students and readers to find out about the current trend of Cambodian youths. The main purposes of the writing are: ïÆ' ¼Providing the historic background of Cambodian economy Offering the key definition of the term materialism Illustrating the current prominent issues in the society Showing the current trend of the youths toward modern high-price materials Elaborating the plausible causes of the new tendency Explaining probably bad and good impacts on the society Showcasing one effective solution The Presence of Materialism Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia and has an old history in the region. Since the industrialized revolution, Cambodia had become one of the countries affected from modern industrialized countries. Perhaps, nobody knows when materialism started its presence in the souls of Cambodians. However, Cambodia had its own industries in the King Sihanouk era, the time materialism might affect the society. The neutralized country had its first coup d’à ©tat backed by the US in 1970. The general Lon Nol became the first Kampuchea’s president. At that time, there was no progress in economic development. Afterward in 1975, the Khmer Rouge ousted the President and took control over the country, leaving estimated 1.7 million Cambodian died from starvation, overwork, and unlawful killing. Actually, it was the most devastating regime in Cambodian history. On January 07, 1979 the capital city—Phnom Penh—was rescued from the socialist regime. Between 1979 and 1992, there was not any noticeable progress in building the country’s economy. Not until the first democratic election took place in 1993, was the Cambodia’s new chapter opened. Again, it was the transition from planned market to free-opened market. At that time, Cambodia welcomed all types of foreign investments from all over the world. As a result, Cambodia has become the Cambodia today which is the country that needs change. Relatively writing, people do not pay much attention on what they are possessing. They start to work and earn for their daily lives. The celebrating of the new millennium, Cambodia’s economy has gradually been boosted. About five or six years later, the real estate companies came into play. The price of the land was extremely expensive and the owners of the land had sold their land to foreign companies and indeed for local as well. That was the time the phrase â€Å"How much for the ‘ten New Dream motorbikes’ is?† became the amusing and criticized words in every day conversation. Indeed, perhaps that was the time materialism prevailed in the society especially the Phnom Penh city. Nowadays, the most popular materials which attract much of the youth’s attention are high-tech mobile phones such as iphone4, Samsung GalaxyS3, automatic transmission motorbike like Scoopy 2012, big motorbikes such as SL, XR, GS 330, modern sport cars, high-tech tablets, jewelry, etc. Because of those materials, teenagers and adults will do everything to own one of them or even all of them. They think in a short-sighted way because of the compulsion. They, in fact, do not give value for people but the materials the people own. If the current tendency is being applied to the society, the inescapably bad repercussions will be dominated in the society. Progression of Materialism As a matter of fact, materialism happens in the Cambodian society due to many reasons. First, movie via television greatly involves in the progress of the tendency. This means that the influence of materialism to Cambodian comes from movies that are showed on the TV shows or their private computers. Whenever they got some information from the movie for example like they saw something some actors have worn on the TV show, they would probable copy the style and try to act themselves as the actors. â€Å"MY TV† is a very good example to claim about that. Before MYTV television station was established, people in Cambodia seemed to be so simple (comparing to the clothes they have worn). However, people started to dream about the Korean style such as clothes or jewelry. Another example to support this claim is that the advertisement on the TV showing that when Cambodian have saw advertisement of Dream 2012 on the TV, they would probably like that kind of motorbike even it looks idio t. Thus, they try to find money to buy the motorbike. Apart from movie TV shows, jealousy of one individual really spurs the motivation on materialism. This means some people they don’t care about the benefit of the product that they will buy. The most important thing is that they just want to be as modern and elegant as their surrounding friends who already have modern motorbikes, automobiles, iPhones or iPads. One PUC student majoring in TESOL said, â€Å"I would spend some times with my friends—elegant ones—because I want and have modern things like my phone I am suing today, iPhone4. I don’t care about anything because I have the phone like my friends.† By this expression, it implies that the TESOL student does not want any mocking or teasing regarding modern materials. He would probably feel upset and jealous if he does not own his iPhone4. Furthermore, some students want to challenge their reputations with their friends. For example, they want only to be the highest in their groups. Therefore, they try to manage themselves to be the most powerful by having more fantastic equipment in their hands in order to show that they are better than other people. Owning luxury car—Luxus Rx 350—has already given the owner the influence on the surrounding people especially their friends. Moreover, while some foreigners are doing business in Cambodia, they are transferring some new positions on materialism into Cambodia by chance. When Cambodians see all those things such as iPhone, iPad, or other things else, all Cambodian feel that all of those materials would probably help their standards of living becoming higher. Since, they would buy all of the things and start using all the things. In a student survey, 10 out of 13 students wanted a new motorbike of car. They shared the opinion that own ¬ing a vehicle had in fact, very little to do with their studies. Peer pressure is another factor to own a vehicle. 18-year-old high school student, said, â€Å"When they see my friends drive new motorbikes, they want one too. However, their mother re ¬fused to buy for them.† Regarding to migration, some students in Cambodia are very strong enough to study abroad. As the result, some of those could get scholarship to study abroad, while some could not get any scholarship. However, most of them are leaving Cambodia to study abroad. As they are being abroad, they would meet much equipment that some foreigners are using. When the students see all the things, they would advertise their families in Cambodia to use all the equipment as well. By now, the progressing of the materialistic tendency in Cambodian society is gradually escalated due to the above reasons. On the other hands, it is becoming more interesting if the paper also mentions about the purposes of owning materialistic things before discussing any further on the topic. The purposes of owning modern materials With the overall interviews, the data shows that there are two main purposes—meaningful and meaningless. These two terms are used because of many interviewees’ preference. To begin with, there are many meaningful usages of modern, expensive products. First, it has something to do with learning progress. This means that people in Cambodia use some materialistic tools in order to do research and update their knowledge by spending time with some equipment such as computer, iPhone, or iPad. For example, some people use iPhone or iPad for doing research because this kind of thing is really small, easy to keep with, the internet work very fast; plus, it looks really cool. Also they could use all of this instruction to capture photograph, read books, play games, record something, or even call to friends or anybody that they want to ask for help such as homework or assignments. Second, Cambodians own elegant things because they want to make their standards of living better (Ou & Khiev, 2011). This means that people in Cambodia use modern equipment in order just want to have a good standard of living. For example, the construction in Cambodia is really popular now. Many people want to live in a villa to have a comfortable living. In fact, if this idea is hold by almost Cambodians, the country will be difficult to get developed because they think in the wrong ways. Improving living standard is not about owning up-to-date property but to be educated and get promoted. Asides from this, spending less time, saving time, is another meaningful thing to do with modern technology. This means that Cambodia can use the modern materials in order to save their valuable time. For example, they use mobile phone in case they want to communication with their relatives who might be living far away from them. Thus, they don’t have to spend time to travel between places to places that their relatives are living. In addition, the world is running fast by globalization that is Cambodians are competing with the world’s technology. Actually, some people buy some modern equipment in order to show that they are being update people, meaning Cambodians are being civilized citizens. They do not want to live in the traditional way which needs to be updated to balance and equalize like other countries around the world now. On the other hands, there are some meaningless usages of modern, expensive materials. First, some Cambodians do not use their equipment in their hands with appropriate purposes. Some use for only entertainment but they can’t see many more exploitations from the equipment. For example, some Cambodians bought iPhones in order to play game or using Facebook only, but they don’t use the phone in order to do research to increase and learn new things. Another important point of view, materialism shows power and authority, meaning that some Cambodians need modern equipment just want to show their powers in order to threat other people. For instance, some authorities in Cambodia are using modern luxury automobiles such as Range Roll World, Lexus 570, or other branch-new, fancy cars in order to threat some polices or the lower-standard people. When the people see all of those things, they fell inferior to the rich. Thus, the authorities who have modern automobiles can do as many things as they wish. More interesting, some Cambodians would like to buy some materials because they want only to woo girls, or ladies. However, they could not use the material appropriately. For instance, some men buy an iPhone, iPad, a nice motorbike or a car just to woo some ladies while they could now how to use all of the material affectively. This mean that some Cambodians buy good things to use is because they want to show that they are really rich, intelligent to others. For instance, some pupils buy new automobile to show that their family are rich to all their friends. The Possible Drawbacks of Materialism Within this paper, the scope of outcomes is categories into three main fields: self, family, and society. Now the drawbacks will firstly be discussed in the following sentences. The first outcome is dropping out of schools. Some students are skipping school because materialism makes them blind and persuade them to forget their studying. For instance, some students do not want to go to the school because they got a new motorbike or other modern equipment. They would like to make parties or go out with their friends rather than stay in their school to learn from the lecturers. At the end, they could not have a good future or bright future in order to feed themselves as well as their whole family. One sophomore majoring Laws at RULE said, â€Å"I used to drop out my high school because I did have any modern and expensive phone—at that time it was Nokia N95 8GB. I was very upset and jealous when I saw my friends hanging out with those staffs. Then I decided to drop out because I can avoid being teased and annoyed.† Second disadvantage is looking like a gangster. Due to materialism, it can make a person similar to some gangers if we look for a few seconds. For example, some men now are wearing ear rings. As the result, they look really similar to some gangsters. Thus, it could make their reputation down. Plus, the surrounding people will not want to get involved or communicate with because there might be some argument or fighting. Next, bad health is another one drawback. Some people use some materials in wrong condition. Finally, they could face health problems. For example, some people they use their time spending on their phones too much in order to speak for fun with their friends. Hence, they could face many health problems such as brain cancer because of the ratio activity that came out from the mobile phone. Some people also use some materials which risk their lives. For example some people use their motorbikes flying to show that they are handsome and cool. On the other hands, while they are trying to do that, it could have an accident such as breaking their knees or they could die every minute. Regarding to family category, there are a few disadvantages. Some sons in Cambodia got modern motorbikes; they would go out with their friends really often specially, at mid-night. Even that their parents tried to advise them, but they do not want to follow their parents. They tend to go out and have some fun with their friends. Because the sons are being lost in the passion of the materialism, it can lead the family fall isolated. Next, monetary problems are also very common. Some Cambodians never look at their incomes to see how much they would get per month or per year. Even that their incomes are still low, but they wish to get as good equipment as some family’s members who already have high incomes. Thus, sometimes it could link to family financial crises. For example, because of materialism some children ask their parents to buy them nice motorbikes; otherwise, they would not go to school. Normally, parents always want their children to be good students, so they decide to buy the motorbikes for their children even thought that they already know their incomes are still low. To solve the problems they normally sell their cows in order to fulfill their children’s needs. Later on, they could not have the cow to help for growing rise. Thus, it can make the family will face financial crises. Then materialism can cause them to have some arguments in a family, that is, domestic violence. For example, some family’s members want to use as good equipment as the others, in case they don’t have enough money to support. In other to get all the things they need, they generally threat their parents to complete their dream and sometimes conflict can happen any times. Perhaps, children murder their parents for money. The third category is society. Traffic jam, actually, is one of the results of materialism. This means that many people are really love materialism. They do not want to use motorbike or bicycle. They need only good and large car in order to show out their power. As the result, in Cambodia in present, there are too many cars on the streets. Some people drive their car to some coffee shops even though the places are nearby their house. At the end, there is a lot of traffic jam on the road nowadays. Because of new technology, transportation is being updated recently. Cars seem to be very fast. However, some people are not good at driving car and some we re drunk before driving the cars. At the end, the drunk can cause problem such as accident to other people on the street in Cambodia. Besides, Cambodian are destroying environment as well while they are focusing on materialism. For example, in order to create clothes, many clothes industries are being increase to serve the demand of the people. The industries are producing much smoke to the sky. As the result they could pollute the air. Many machined vehicles are also a good example of the materialism that can impact badly the environment. In fact, the smoke from the vehicles is polluting the environment which Cambodians are living as well. Furthermore, materialism can affect badly the state security as well. It means some poor also need to be cool as well as the rich. They do not have money now, so they try to steal the things from street or any place which provide them any opportunity to commit crime in order to get some kinds of materialistic things such as motorbikes, jewelry, iPhones, or iPads. More noticeably, culture destruction is gradually happening. Some people in Cambodia are being crazy because of materialism. Most of them forget about Khmer traditional culture which their ancestors have made for them. For example, some young men in Cambodia are wearing earing on their ear in order to receive admired word from their friends. If we compare to the past, it is really unique because man never wear earing. Women are destroying the culture of Khmer as well. Nowadays, they seem to be too thoughtless. We notice that most of them are wearing short skirts. This is very strange from the past in which all the lady wore long clothes to cover their skins in order not to allow the others to see their skins. When women wear shortly, it can attract men to look at them. Some men could rape the women once the men could get any opportunity. Thus it can lead to criminal cases. Finally, when Cambodians need too many meaningless things, many businessmen would import the products into Cambodia. The GPA of the Cambodians is still low. Most of the Cambodians are farmers. Thus, we could not produce many kind of equipment besides importing them from oversea. As the result, the countries spend a lot of money importing some products such as iPhones, vehicles, and iPads to the countries while we are not able to produce by ourselves. However, materialism has few benefits for the society as well if and only if Cambodians know how to use it, when to own it, and what to possess. The plausible advantages of Materialism Like disadvantage categories, the advantages of materialism is discussed in three main categories: self, family, and society. For individual Cambodia, materialism brings easiness. This means that materialism can make them to get high standards of living. They could feel comfortable because of their materialism. Another point, materialism can increase knowledge. This means that individual can increase their intellectuality such as general knowledge. For example, individual can use a computer, iPad, iPhone in order to do research. All this equipment is really helpful to Cambodian. Spending less time is another advantage. It means that many products in their hands already. Thus, some can use their product affectively while some are not. Cambodian youths use their materialistic things to shorten the time and the distance. For instance some youths prefer modern motorbikes or cars rather than bicycles. Thus, they could spend less time for traveling form one place to another. Mobile phone c an also help them to spend less time as well. Now youth, who have many relatives in provinces when they want to meet their relatives, they don’t have to go to their homeland. They just call to the relatives that are enough. Similarly, materialism can help individual to pack up many things into smaller. For instance, people in Cambodia nowadays, do not have to take a lot of things in their hands. They just need an iPhone which contains many things inside it such as camera, recorder, music, video player, note books, books, and many other things in their pocket. Therefore, they could use all the functions without taking real equipment with such as camera or TV. The next category—Family—that materialism positively affect is discussed by the following sentences. First, it brings closed relationship. This means that materialism can cause the members in most of the family feel closed to each other. For example, when some province family members would come to Phnom Penh to study, they would feel isolated and lonely. However, mobile phone could help them to feel closer to each other. All of them can communicate via mobile phone in order to fell that they are staying together and to know each other information. Next, increasing reputation is another advantage. This means that materialism can help a family to be admired from another family. For instance, if a family was living in a villa, using modern technology such as iPhone and driving modern automobile such as Hummer, the family generally would be admired from the others. Thus, it can make the family to get more reputation by their materialism they got. The next and final category is society. Cambodia is a developing country. As we can see in general, most of the people in Phnom Penh are able to use modern technology such as iPhone, iPad, and computers. Moreover, there are sky-high apartments as well. Furthermore, most of the Cambodian youths are using fantasy automobile. Thus, due to materialism, it could show that Cambodia is a developing country. Moreover, materialism can bring more investment to the country, meaning that due to materialism, it can make other foreign factories or industries come to invest in Cambodia. By seeing the youths are similar to the youths in some investing countries, the investors normally feel more comfortable that Cambodia is secure. Thus, it could also attract the investors come in to do small business as well. Some investors can see the youths in Cambodia are loving materialism such as using clothes. As the result, they would like to invest more garment industries in Cambodia. Relatively, the investment will increase employment rate. As the garment industries are being built from days to days in order to complete some youths’ trend in Cambodia, it can provide some job opportunities for Cambodians inside Cambodia. Economic Effects It is a nice thing to hear and see people are buying products from the markets. This activity shows the progress of higher standard of living in the society. Meanwhile, many people buy things that are not essential to them, leaving people tend to save less. Actually, materialistic people tend to be attracted to â€Å"Conspicuous Consumption,† which is purchasing in order to flaunt wealth (Drake, 2012). In order to get the new and expensive materials, many people go to the bank and get loans. Comparing with their salary, people can comfort their buying with their community. That is a good sign for the banks in Cambodia because their services are running smoothly. However, what will happen if those people are not able to compensate? Most of the banks said, â€Å"It is OK. We lend them our money in return their compensation. If they are not able to give back, we have to do accordingly to the laws of the country. That is seizing the property as collateral for bid. Banks never lose to such cases. Furthermore, a new kind of buying technology is buying using credit cards. This new service also leads to huge debts for adults. Because credit cards make them able to purchase things without cash and let them compensate a little amount of debts, many and many youths are happy with them. Some people do not think about the consequences that they will face after owning things that are not important for their daily lives. Plus, they have ignored the value in people while showing off what they are actually in debts. Interestingly, the country might turn out to be outside economic development but in fact most of its people are in debts of other foreign banks. Spiritual Effects In order to live in peace and harmony, the spirituality of Cambodian must be strong and wise. They have to make a good decision and giving value to people from all walks of life. While materialism offers much value on material, people do not understanding owning things that are important and just for comforting the surrounding people are a waste of time and money. Then it will lead to discrimination and segregation—a group of rich and extravagant people and a group of poor and humble people (Drake, 2012). When a country is about to divide such groups, the consolidation and solidarity will not exist. Thus, the country will not thoroughly make its way toward a well economic, politic, cultural development. Moreover, materialism promotes selfishness and a sense of accumulation as being equivalent to happiness and success. It is said materialism is a form of brainwashing and removes any personal responsibility. For example, when people want an iphone4s, they will not think about any responsibilities that they hold like studying, feeding children, managing the company, and more. They will let the responsibilities go as floating water. Furthermore, it is currently true that most of Cambodian youth are not happy when they see their friend owning expensive mobile phones and riding elegant motorbikes. They will do everything to at least get appropriate materials to go along with their elite friends. This is the most regretful thing that Cambodian society is facing. It has nothing to do now but the future will tell. Effects on Teenagers Teenagers, the most vulnerable, are directly affected by materialism, which often has psychological effects, as they are driven to trendy and expensive items (Drake, 2012). Going to schools and getting involved in the community are what good teenagers have to do. Among these activities, rich and poor teenagers gather together, talk with each other, and tell what they are possessing. Once the topic has been raised, the effect starts to spread. Poor teenagers feel like they are useless because they do not own any technological items to work in their community. They lack of self-esteem. When they return home, they would ask their parents for something that their parents cannot afford. Thus, the discouragement will stay inside the teenagers. Their progress will lose and their team spirit will be reduced as well. Actually, it is because they cannot control their eagerness towards those materials. If they just spend some time thoroughly think about the effect and the current of their family status, they would not face this kind of social illness. More precisely, it is popular that some teenagers will be taunted if they do not own the trendy phones, laptops, and more. Normally, people not just teenagers are not happy when someone is about to laugh at what they lack or weak. Materialism and Crime â€Å"What should you do when you want to possess this?† is a common question asked from one friend to another friend. It is not an easy question for those who are poor. If their parents cannot afford for them, they have to find the way to have it themselves. Teenagers with short-sighted thought will do what is called crime (Drake, 2012). From a criminal philosophy view points, crimes can exist everywhere, happen every time, be committed by anyone. That is in the pursuit of material possessions, turning to crime is not unheard of. People will do corruption and manipulate other people’s energy to get more money just in returning owning luxury car and well-decorated villa. Another simple way is to steal the materials from people around them. Moreover, marketing is believed to glamorize crime with images of criminals living extravagant lifestyles. Some people might be looked elegant but in fact they are criminals whom one day the judges will punish. In addition, this will hinder Cambodia in finding its way toward developed country. Youths have to think in details before doing something; otherwise, they will end up in prison, which will destroy their whole lives and the society they are part of. Optimal Solution In fact, there is no ideal solution since it is the most difficult thing to modify or get someone adapted to what he or she does not want to do. However, this paper shows one solution that might the most optimal one, that is, parents’ advice. According to the research, if you know at least one teenager, you are likely familiar with teen materialism. Many adolescents are driven to acquire trendy and expensive items including high-end handbags, cell phones and MP3 players. Teenage materialism itself is not new, but it has steadily accelerated over the last few decades and something has to deal with (John, 2011). The research originally found a connection between self-esteem and materialism. As a teen’s self-worth declines, he or she looks to purchase expensive items for a boost. Material goods compensate for all those negative feelings people have about themselves. This link yielded another important finding about how materialism develops from childhood to adolescence. Materialism increases from childhood to the early teen years, but then drops as they move into the later years of high school. This mirrors the ups and downs of self-esteem as children and teens grow older. The next question to tackle was how parents and peers contribute to materialism in teens. To answer this, parents and peers is asked whether they can influence materialism by affecting self-esteem. Peers are often blamed for pressuring contemporaries to buy the coolest brands of clothes or electronic gadgets. Parents are often blamed for setting a bad example for their teens–putting too much emphasis on having more and better possessions. However, the evidence suggests that parents and peers can also have a positive effect. These two groups are the most important sources of emotional support, psychological well-being, and feelings of self-worth in the lives of teens. Teenagers with supportive parents and friends have higher self-esteem, which makes them less materialistic. The outcome is clear–being supportive not only makes for happier teenage years, it can also reduce the unrelenting requests for expensive items during adolescence. With this research strong supporting from parents is very crucial and effective in reducing the Cambodian tendency toward materialism because as the rest of the paper, materialism does not develop Cambodian society. Conclusion Even though Cambodia opens market for every foreign product, there are risks for the people when they cannot control their eagerness and compulsion. With the above long discussion, materialism does exist in Cambodian society, and it is now getting into Cambodian youths. Materialism spreads itself via technology and every day communication. Because so many youths cannot control their compulsion, they will imitate what they see on the televisions. Plus, it evolves from days to days if there is not any precaution against it. Interestingly, materialism is occurred in the society by not only the technology but also the people themselves who do it and face it. Regarding to its effects, materialism brings both disadvantages and advantages. And it leads to three categories: self, family, and society. Nobody focuses on the consequences brought by materialism because they are being happy and feel elegant of owing such modern materials. However, it does negatively affect Cambodia, a developing country, needing so much human resource. Thus, if this trend continues to be practiced and be pervasive among Cambodians, the country is likely to be the most difficult country to be a developed one. Therefore we, as Khmer generations, must face these problems courageously, for only by that can our country be glorious as when we were at the Angkor Era. This is no longer the time to mourn over the past agony; this is the time that we all get up and be true Khmer people, the people of the Kingdom of Wonder! With the last point of view in this conclusion, the main conclusion to be drawn is that undertaking reforms by reducing institutional weaknesses offers the best hope to overcome materialism. Corruption will not disappear because of reforms. But reforms will bring it under control and minimize its adverse consequences so that the country can proceed with its efforts to become a modern, developed nation with a good chance of attaining the goal. Therefore, if Cambodia really can fight against materialism and succeeds in the suggested solution, it is time for Cambodia to be the developed country. However, we would say today is very hard for everyone to overcome materialism but tomorrow will be much easier if we do something now.

Taking Mobile Computing to the Skies While Keeping the Mobile Workforce Connected Essay Essay Example

Taking Mobile Computing to the Skies While Keeping the Mobile Workforce Connected Essay Essay Example Taking Mobile Computing to the Skies While Keeping the Mobile Workforce Connected Essay Essay Taking Mobile Computing to the Skies While Keeping the Mobile Workforce Connected Essay Essay Lufthansa: Taking Mobile Calculating to the Skies While Keeping the Mobile Workforce Connected to phase out the desktop computing machines that it had antecedently deployed in airdromes. thereby streamlining its substructure and cutting even more costs. Helping Lufthansa even further is the fact that the entire cost of ownership for notebooks has decreased signi?cantly over the last several old ages. Capital costs are lower. End user operations and proficient support costs are diminishing due to improved manageableness and stableness. â€Å"We’ve been rather happy with Windows XP. † says Grabbe. â€Å"Not merely is it stable. but it’s ?exible and gives us an environment that is easy to update and maintain current. Overall. the entire cost of ownership is rather low because of our system of browser-based constituents and a sophisticated update web. † Mobile computer science is catching on throughout the Lufthansa Group. Rolf Mueller says that in add-on to Lufthansa Cargo. he has been speaking to Lufthansa CityLine. the company’s short-haul rider line that serves Europe. â€Å"We’re truly taking the manner in utilizing nomadic computing machines. Lufthansa CityLine will stop up with 800 of its ain notebooks for ?ight captains. † And the Mobile Initiative at Lufthansa extends beyond the company’s crew. Lufthansa understands to the full the demands of nomadic workers. including its ain clients. The air hose is proving a new FlyNet undertaking that will give riders in-?ight entree to the Internet. As it moves frontward. Lufthansa can indicate to a litany of bene?ts when depicting its nomadic computing machine plan. â€Å"Most of all. pilots work when they can. † says Rolf Mueller. â€Å"Whether they are on their manner to the airdrome. waiting during a stop. or off from work. † Lufthansa respects their nomadic calculating enterprise to be highly successful based on their high return on investing ( ROI ) . By deploying nomadic Personal computers to all their pilots they have realized signi?cant productiveness bene?ts wh ile efficaciously pull offing costs. What’s more. how do you carry through this while commanding costs? In 2001. Lufthansa launched the â€Å"Lufthansa Mobile Initiative. † which aimed to supply all pilots with notebook computing machines. Lufthansa knew that the bene?ts of nomadic computing machines would interpret into major additions for the company as a whole. The Lufthansa Mobile Initiative is giving signi?cant productiveness and ef?ciency betterments. while maintaining costs manageable. The successes being realized today were non without signi?cant challenges. Lufthansa had rigorous parametric quantities that notebook Personal computers needed to run into before the pilots’ brotherhood would subscribe off on the program. Chief among the demands were: The notebooks had to hold adequate public presentation capableness to run cardinal package applications used by the pilots. the notebooks had to weigh less than 2 kgs ( about 4. 4 lbs ) . their screens had be at least 12 inches diagonally every bit good as be bright and easy to read due to illuming conditions in the cockpit. and battery life had to be at least ?ve hours for long airplane trips. For the early trials of the undertaking in 1998. Lufthansa decided to buy nomadic systems based on the low-voltage Mobile Intel ® Pentium ® III Processor–M runing at 600MHz. with 128MB of RAM and a 20GB difficult thrust. Today. Lufthansa pilots enjoy state-of-the-art notebook Personal computers with several times the power and public presentation of the early Pentium III platforms while weighing in at less than 3. 5 lbs. So far. the final payment from nomadic calculating at Lufthansa has been signi?cant. Giving notebooks to pilots provided the company with several cardinal touchable and intangible bene?ts: Pilots are more productive because they can entree updated informations electronically. They are more productive because they can work in a assortment of locations including aeroplanes. airdromes. hotels. and other distant locations. Pilots appreciate the convenience of non holding to transport heavy manuals and certification to multiple locations. Pilots can take their required preparation on their laptops during downtime in any airdrome. Case Study Questions 1. Are many of Lufthansa’s challenges identi?ed in the instance similar to those being experienced by other concerns in today’s planetary economic system? Explain and supply some illustrations. 2. What other touchable and intangible bene?ts. beyond those identi?ed by Lufthansa. might a nomadic work force enjoy as a consequence of deploying nomadic engineerings? Explain. 3. Lufthansa was clearly taking a large hazard with their determination to deploy notebook computing machines to their pilots. What steps did they take to pull off that hazard and what others might be needed in today’s concern environment? Supply some illustrations. In fact. now that all of Lufthansa’s pilots have laptops. Lufthansa no longer conducts schoolroom preparation. â€Å"Such preparation used to intend fixing preparation centres. set uping a clip when pilots could go to the Sessionss. and really acquiring the pilots to the preparation location. † recalls Rolf Mueller. undertaking director for the Lufthansa Mobile Initiative. â€Å"Now pilots use their notebooks for computer-based developing whether they are larning about new aircraft or things like speci?c hydraulic systems. †

The Health Care System Essays - Health Economics, Free Essays

The Health Care System Essays - Health Economics, Free Essays The Health Care System More Nobel Prizes in physiology and medicine have been won by doctors or scientists working in the United States than the rest of the world. It is widely accepted that the best training and education is available in the United States in the field of medicine. Despite the fact that over $750 billion is spent on health care in the United States, more than 30 million Americans have no medical coverage and over 100 million are reportedly underinsured according to Nancy Watzman, of the Washington Monthly. We spend 14 percent of our Gross National Product (GNP) on health care each year, while our neighbors to the north, the Canadians, spend only nine percent of their GNP on the same but cover 100 percent of their citizens. If the Canadians can manage to cover every one of their citizens, then we, The People, must find a way to do the same. We have one of two options; either we can spend billions of dollars inventing a new health care system for the United States, or we can be frugal and efficient by adopting the Canadian model of national health care and merely customizing it to fit our own needs. And, although critics may decry the prudence of implementing a system based on socialized medicine, there would be minimal to no sacrifice in coverage, cost, and quality of health care as compared to what little health coverage we have today. If we model our system after the Canadians then this would mean all people share the same waiting rooms, the same doctors, the same equipment, and receive the same medical care. This also alleviates the problem of some Americans receiving the best medical attention available in the world while others receive miserable attention or none at all. This idea of universal coverage sounds wonderful if you have no medical insurance currently, but it is unthinkable if you are accustomed to private rooms in hospitals and hospital meals prepared by gourmet chefs. But if this is what you are accustomed to, you belong to a small minority of Americans. Only ten percent of Americans approve of our health care system, while 56 percent of Canadians approve of theirs (Goodman 35). Perhaps the disgruntled 90 percent majority could also vote the right people into congress to change the health care system to provide universal coverage here in the United States. We could not only provide universal coverage, but we could cover everyone at a lower cost for health care than we are currently paying. It actually costs less to supply medical coverage for the average Canadian than it does for the average American. A Canadian who earns the equivalent of $26,000 US dollars pays about $1,300 a year for medical coverage, while an American earning the same amount pays $2,500 per year according to Mark Kelly of the Chicago Tribune. And its not only the citizens who would save money. The General Accounting Office estimates conservatively that at least $68 billion could be saved in paperwork costs alone if the United States switched to a national health plan. That amount itself would be enough to pay for all the uninsured citizens in the United States with some money left over for lollipops for the kids. It may be argued that these cost savings will come at the price of quality of patient care, but that is just another myth propagated by the American Medical Association, which is easily debunked by facts. If we take the $68 billion in administrative savings and subtract the estimated $12 billion it would cost to extend the same quality of care for the uninsured as the currently insured are receiving, we are left with $56 billion to do with as we wish. Furthermore, how can we even begin to talk about a decline in patient care when the numbers of the uninsured are so staggering? If over 130 million U.S. citizens, or over half of the United States population, are currently uninsured or underinsured and we provide them some kind of medical coverage, this in itself is a significant improvement in quality of care for these people. The fault lies with the doctors who are used to providing state of the art care for the economically advantaged

Car Park Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Car Park Design - Essay Example This essay stresses that highway is designed after a careful study of various areas to ensure complete safety and smooth traveling of different vehicles. Speed restraints are especially designed to ensure safety and to discourage high speeds. Developers can ensure smooth traffic if designed a highway properly. Moreover, nearby places are carefully designed to reduce crime rate. Mostly it happens that people completely overlook their surroundings. It is better option to design in clusters of small dwellings that further encourage neighbor hood. Land with unobstructed access should be walled or fenced carefully. Footpaths must be designed in ways that discourages hiding places. Car parking must be lighted properly whether practiced in private areas or communal entities. This paper makes a conclusion that autocad has brought revolutionary variations in the field of engineering and designing. In this system designers can make different designs without using paper. They work on screen that further increases efficiency and reduced the efforts of paper works that were once used by many designers. So, if a designer wants to plan a building or roadwork then he can easily go with this technology. However, remember that professionals and highly skilled engineers are always required to run this system. With the help of this system a designer or developer can satisfy more complex needs. This drafting system is used for electrical, architectural, mechanical, electronic and structural designs.

Accounting Theory (Australia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting Theory (Australia) - Essay Example Presently, the Japanese Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are recognized by the European Union. The Financial Services Agency of Japan is also working to have common regulations with the International Financial Reporting Standards. The Business Accounting Council has come up with deliberations about the treatment of consolidated financial statement based upon International Financial Reporting Standards within the purview of Japanese Security Exchange Law. This measure has been presumed as the regulatory response of Japan as it involves the treatment of IFRS based consolidated financial statement prepared by issuers of both, Japan as well as foreigners, to be listed in the Japanese market. Japan and other Asian countries should participate more into the regulatory authorities for their own benefit. Their valuable presence in the committees would voice their needs and requirements. Presently, the Accounting Standard Board of Japan is trying to build up consensus over various financial regulatory issues among the Asian economies. Among the various regulatory issues, BASEL reforms have been very crucial for the transformation of the banking sector. It has been observed that there have been certain issues in terms of compliance of BASEL norms in Japan. The financial disorder prevalent in the last decade and the continuous postponement of resolution of non – performing loan (NPL) hindered compliance with the BASEL standards in Japan along with propagating political intervention in the economy of Japan that considerably hampered bank regulations. Today, it is almost certain in the periphery of the financial regulations that IFRS would make way for GAAP in due course of time as it has already adopted by European Union. Japan should focus more on accounting standards of IFRS rather than that of GAAP to be in line with the